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| صفحه اصلی | رنگارنگ | آموزشی | علمی | اخبار | جستجو | ||||||
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Law Changes over the years |
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The Laws of the Game are
determined by the International Football Association Board (IFAB), whose
membership is made up of representatives of FIFA and of the four ‘home’
associations: The F.A., Scottish F.A., F.A. of Wales and Irish F.A. This
reflects the original role Great Britain, and specifically England,
played in establishing the first set of Laws, which date from the
formation of The Football Association in 1863. The original Laws have changed only marginally over the years. Today’s 17 Laws continue to be based upon the rules that were first ratified by the Board when it was founded in 1886. Changes have occurred in accordance with the specific evolution and demands of modern-day football, but the key element remains of football being seen as essentially a simple game, with laws that can be applied in the same way at any level from the World Cup Final to a friendly game on a local park. 1580 A certain Giovanni Bardi published a set of rules of the game of "calcio". 1848/1849 The first Cambridge Rules are drawn up. 1877/1878 The associations in Great Britain formed to gain a uniform code. 1886/1887 2 June 1886: first official meeting of the International Football Association Board. 1891/1892 Introduction of the penalty-kick. 1913/1914 FIFA becomes a member of the International F.A. Board. 1925/1926 Amendment of offside rule from three to two players. 1937-1938 The present Laws framed in a new system of codification but based on the Laws previously in force. 1978/1979 Law XIII - Free Kick A free kick awarded to the defending team, within its own goal-area, may be taken from any point within that half of the goal-area in which the free kick has been awarded. 1979/1980 Law XIII - Free Kick Decision by the IFAB: in order to distinguish between a direct and an indirect free-kick, the referee, ..., shall indicate accordingly by raising an arm above his head... 1980/1981 Law XII - Fouls and Misconduct New offense: spitting at an opponent Decision: the offence of spitting at officials and other persons, ... shall be considered as violent conduct. Law XIII - Free Kick Taking a free-kick inside one's own penalty-area - the opposing team's players shall be at least ten yards (9.15m) from the ball and shall remain outside the penalty area until the ball has been kicked out of the area. Law XVI - Goal Kick Opponents of the team taking the goal kick shall remain outside the penalty-area until the ball has been kicked out of the penalty-area. 1981/1982 Law III - Number of Players A player who has been replaced shall not take any further part in the game. A substitute shall be subject to the authority and jurisdiction of the referee whether called upon to play or not. Punishment: If a substitute enters the field of play without the authority of the referee, play shall be stopped. The substitute shall be cautioned and removed from the field or sent off according to the circumstances. The game shall be restarted by the referee dropping the ball at the place where it was when play was stopped. Law XII - Fouls and Misconduct A player shall be sent off the field of play, if, in the opinion of the referee, he:
1982/1983 Law VI – Linesmen The linesmen are to indicate:
Law XII - Fouls and Misconduct Introduction of the four-step rule: ...From the moment the ball comes under his (the goalkeeper's) control, he takes more than four steps without releasing the ball into play and - having released it - he touches the ball again before it has been touched or played by another player... 1983/1984 Law XII - Fouls and Misconduct Modification of the four-step rule: ...From the moment the ball comes under his (the goalkeeper's) control, he takes more than four steps in any direction whilst holding, bouncing or throwing the ball in the air and catching it again, without releasing the ball into play or having released it into play before, during or after the four steps - he touches it again with his hands before it has been touched or played by another player... 1984/1985 Law VIII - The Start of Play Drop-ball in the goal-area: on that part of the goal area line which runs parallel to the goal-line, at the point nearest to where the ball was in play when play was stopped. Law XIII - Free Kick An indirect free kick awarded to the attacking team within its opponent's goal area shall be taken from the part of the goal-area line which runs parallel to the goal-line, at the point nearest where the offence was committed. 1985/1986 In various Laws: drop-ball provision in goal-area (cf. 1984) also extended to be consistent. Law XII - Fouls and Misconduct Modification of the four-step rule: ...From the moment the ball comes under his (the goalkeeper's) control, he takes more than four steps in any direction whilst holding, bouncing or throwing the ball in the air and catching it again, without releasing the ball into play or having released it into play before, during or after the four steps - he touches it again with his hands before it has been touched or played by another player of the same team outside of the penalty-area, or by a player of the opposing team either inside or outside of the penalty-area. 1986/1987 Law III - Number of Players The substitution is completed when the substitute enters the field of play, from which moment he becomes a player and the player whom he replaces ceases to be a player. Law XIV - Penalty-Kick The player taking the penalty-kick has to be properly identified. 1987/1988 Law VII - Duration of the Game (against time-wasting) Allowance shall be made in either period for all the time lost through substitution, the transport from the field of injured players, time-wasting and other cause ...the amount of which shall be a matter for the discretion of the referee. Law XIV - Penalty-Kick A goal may be scored directly from a penalty-kick. When a penalty-kick is taken in the normal course of play, or when time has been extended at half-time or full-time to allow a penalty-kick to be taken or retaken, a goal shall not be nullified if, before passing between the posts and under the crossbar, the ball touches either or both of the goal-posts, or the crossbar, or the goalkeeper or any combination of these agencies, providing that no other infringement occurred. (In addition to that several decisions by the Board in case of encroachments) Law XV - Throw-in Decision: A throw-in taken from any position other than the point where the ball passed over the touchline shall be considered to have been improperly thrown in. 1988/1989 Law I - Decision: The goalposts must be of white color. Law III - Number of players: Substitutes may be used under the rules of any official competition under the jurisdiction of FIFA, Confederations or National Associations, ... ...A team shall not be permitted to use more than two substitutes from more than five players... 1989/1990 Law IV - Players' equipment (Codification of a practice) Footwear must be worn by players and conform to the following standards: ...and pertinent decisions. 1990/1991 Law IV - Players' equipment (introduction of shin guards) The basic compulsory equipment of a player shall consist of a jersey or shirt, shorts, stockings, shin guards and footwear (plus pertinent precisions regarding the shin guards. Law XI - Off-side (being level) A player is in an off-side position ..., unless
Decision: A player who is level with the second last opponent or with the last two opponents is not in an off-side position. Law XII - Fouls and Misconduct Mandatory Instruction of the IFAB ("professional foul") If, in the opinion of the referee, a player who is moving towards his opponents' goal with an obvious opportunity to score a goal is intentionally and physically impeded by unlawful means, i.e. an offence punishable by a free-kick (or a penalty-kick), thus denying the attacking player's team the aforesaid goal-scoring opportunity, the offending player shall be sent off the field of play for serious foul play in accordance with Law XII (n). 1991/1992 Extension of the above mandatory instruction from 1990 which was made an official IFAB decision) Decision: If, in the opinion of the referee, a player, other than the goalkeeper within his own penalty-area, denies his opponents a goal, or an obvious goal scoring opportunity, by intentionally handling the ball, he shall be sent off the field of play for serious foul play in accordance with Law XII (n). Decision regarding when the goalkeeper is in possession of the ball: ...Will be considered to be in control of the ball by touching it with any part of his hands or arms. Possession of the ball would include the goalkeeper intentionally parrying the ball, but would not include the circumstances, where, in the opinion of the referee, the ball rebounds accidentally from the goalkeeper, for example after he has made a save. 1992/1993 Law IV Equipment must be in order. Law V
Back pass ruling: Law XII - Fouls and Misconduct Law XIII Any free kick awarded to the defending team within its own goal-area, may be taken from any point within the goal-area. Law XVI Goal-kick To be taken from any point within the goal-area by a player of the defending team. 1993/1994 Law V – Referee
Decision 13:
(Technical area) The coach may convey tactical instructions to players
during the match. Decision 14: (fourth official) In tournaments or competitions where a fourth official is appointed, his roles and duties shall be in accordance with the guidelines approved by the IFAB. Law XII - Fouls and Misconduct
Precision that a player is to be cautioned and shown the yellow card as per the specific provisions. Precision that a player is to be sent off the field and shown the red card, if in the opinion of the referee, he:
Decision 18: Subject to the terms of Law XII, a player may pass the ball to his own goalkeeper using his head or chest or knee, etc. If, however, in the opinion of the referee, a player uses a deliberate trick to circumvent article 5 (c) of Law XII, the player will be guilty of ungentlemanly conduct ... 1994/1995 Law I - The Field of Play For safety reasons, the goals, including those, which are portable, must be anchored securely to the ground. Law III - Number of Players (substitute ruling 2 + 1) ...A team may also use a third substitute provided that he is designated as a substitute goalkeeper, who may be used to replace only the goalkeeper. If, however, the goalkeeper is ordered off, the designated substitute goalkeeper may subsequently replace another player of the same team and play as goalkeeper. 1995/1996 Law III - Number of Players (three substitutes without restriction) Up to a maximum of three substitutes may be used in any match played in an official competition .. Law VII - Duration of the Game The half-time interval shall not exceed 15 minutes. Law XI - Offside It is not an offence in itself to be in an off-side position. A player shall only be penalized for being in an off-side position, if, at the moment the ball touches, or is played by one of his team, he is, in the opinion of the referee, involved in active play by:
Laws XII - re-editing of offences Decisions 6, 7, 10 and 13 to punish various offences Law XIV - Penalty-kick A penalty-kick shall be taken from the penalty-mark and, when it is being taken, all players with the exception of the player taking the kick, properly identified, and the opposing goalkeeper, shall be within the field of play but outside the penalty-area, at least 10 yards, from the penalty-mark and must stand behind the penalty-mark. 1996/1997 Law II - The Ball As per requirements of FIFA Denominations as set forth in Decision 4 of the IFAB Law III - Number of Players The rules of the competition shall state how many substitutes may be nominated, from three up to a maximum of seven. Law V – Referees Decision 7: (advantage clause) If the referee applies the advantage clause and the advantage, which was anticipated, does not develop at that time, the referee shall penalize the original offence. Law VI - Assistant Referees (formerly Linesmen) Law XII - Fouls and Misconduct Provisions regarding offences that are punishable by a direct free kick and if committed in the penalty-area by a penalty-kick; dangerous play to be punished by an indirect free-kick. 1997/1998 Law IV - Players' Equipment Now includes the statement: "If thermal shorts are worn they must be of the same main colour as the shorts." Law V - The Referees "Any player bleeding from a wound must leave the field for treatment." Law VIII - The Start and Restart of Play "The team which wins the toss shall decide which goal it will attack in the first half of the match. The other team shall take the kick-off." "A goal may be scored directly from the kick-off." "The ball is in play when it is kicked and moves forward." Law XII - Fouls and Misconduct An indirect free kick will be awarded if the goalkeeper handles the ball after receiving it from a throw-in from his own team.
IFAB decisions 13 and 14, which relate to the prevention of obvious goal scoring opportunities now become Law.
Binding instruction The referee has to consider that the goalkeeper is wasting time and therefore has to award an indirect free-kick against him, if he holds the ball for longer than 5 - 6 seconds. Law XIV - The Penalty Kick The new text states "The goalkeeper remains on his own goal line, facing the kicker, between the goalposts until the ball has been kicked". The phrase "without moving his feet" has been deleted. Players who enter the penalty area before the ball has been kicked need not now be cautioned. Law XVI - The Goal Kick "A goal may be scored directly from a goal kick." 1998/1999 Law IV - The Referee (new Decision 3) Facts connected with play shall include whether a goal is scored or not and the result of the match. Law XII - Fouls and Misconduct Indirect Free Kick (new word order and additional bullet points) An indirect free kick is awarded to the opposing team if a goalkeeper, inside his own penalty area, commits any of the following five offences:
An indirect free kick is also awarded to the opposing team if a player, in the opinion of the referee :
Sending off offences (rewording of the fourth offence)
Decision 3 (last sentence added to the present text) The goalkeeper is considered to be guilty of time wasting if he holds the ball in his hands or arms for more than 5-6 seconds. New Decision 5 A
tackle from behind which endangers the safety of an opponent must be
sanctioned as serious foul play.
Law XIV - The Penalty Kick (additional bullet points)
A team-mate of the player taking the kick enters the penalty area or moves in front of or within 9.5 m (10 yds) of the penalty mark:
Kicks from the Penalty Mark (procedure - new text)
Other decisions taken by the International F.A. Board (procedure - new text)
The Board also confirmed that when returning to the field of play, an injured player can enter the field from any point on the boundary lines if the ball is out of play. If the ball is in play, the player may only re-enter the field of play from a touchline. In each case he must await the referee's signal. 1999/2000 Law IX - The Referee (amendment to point 3 Powers and Duties) Ensures that any ball used meets the requirements of Law 2. Law XII - Fouls and Misconduct (New Decision 6) Any simulation action anywhere on the field, which is intended to deceive the referee, must be sanctioned as unsporting behavior. Forth Official (new wording 6th point) He has the authority to check the equipment of substitutes before they enter the field of play. If their equipment does not comply within the Laws of the Game, he informs the referee. New Point 7: He has the authority to inform the referee of irresponsible behavior by any occupant of the technical area 2000/2001 Law I – The Field of Play New Decision 4: (Present Decisions 4 and 5 become Decisions 5 and 6 respectively) There shall be no advertising of any kind within the technical area or within one meter from the touch line and outside the field of play on the ground. Further, no advertising shall be allowed in the area between the goal line and the goal nets. Law III - The Number of Players New text: Other matches: In other matches, substitutes may be used provided that The teams concerned reach an agreement on a maximum number The referee is informed before the match If the referee is not informed, or if no agreement is reached before the start of the match, no more than three substitutes are allowed. Law III – The Number of Players New Decision 2: The coach may convey tactical instructions to the players during the match and he must return to his position immediately after giving these instructions. He and the other officials must remain within the confines of the technical area, where such an area is provided, and they must behave in a responsible manner. Law VI – The Assistant Referees New text: Duties: Two assistant referees are appointed whose duties, subject to the decision of the referee, are to indicate:
Assistance: The assistant referees also assist the referee to control the match in accordance with the Laws of the Game. In particular, they may enter the field of play to help control the 9.15m distances. Law XII – Fouls and Misconduct (new text) An indirect free kick is awarded to the opposing team if a goalkeeper, inside his own penalty area, commits the following offence:
(Rest of text unchanged) Sending-off offences (new text)
Reason: A player may now be sent off if, in the opinion of the referee, he is guilty of using language or gestures, which are offensive or insulting or abusive. The referee must take into account the severity of the offence. He continues to have the authority to decide whether, in his opinion, a player’s unacceptable language or gestures are to be deemed a sending-off offence. Kicks from the Penalty Mark: (New bullet points)
Fourth Official... (Amendments to bullet point)
2001/2002 AMENDMENTS TO THE LAWS OF THE GAME FOR SEASON 2001/2002 All amendments and decisions must be enforced from 1 July 2001
The 115th Annual Meeting of the International Football Association Board was held in Edinburgh, Scotland on 1Oth March 2001. The amendments to the Laws of the Game and various instructions and directives are listed below. 1. AMENDMENTS TO THE LAWS OF THE GAME NOTES ON THE LAWS OF THE GAME New text: Modifications: Subject to the agreement of the nationals associations concerned and provided the principles of these Laws are maintained, the Laws may be modified in their application for matches for players of under 16 years of age, for women footballers, for veteran footballers (over 35 years) and for players with disabilities. Reason: This change recognizes the large number of players with disabilities who play football and permits appropriate modifications to the Laws to enable them to take part in officially organized competitions. LAW 3 - THE NUMBER OF PLAYERS New text: Decisions of the International FA Board Decision 2: A team official may convey tactical instructions to the players during the match and must return to his position after doing so. All team officials must remain within the confines of the technical area, where such an area is provided and they must behave in a responsible manner. Reason: The new text recognizes that tactical instructions may be given by different team officials during the match provided the person returns to his or her position after giving these instructions and behaves in a responsible manner. The statement that the team official must return immediately to his or her position has been removed. LAW 12 - FOULS AND MISCONDUCT New text: Indirect free kick Delete bullet point 5 Wastes time Decisions of the International FA Board Decision 3 Delete the final paragraph: The goalkeeper is considered to be guilty of time-wasting if he holds the ball in his hands or arms for more than 5-6 seconds. Reason: Both texts are no longer necessary because of the alteration to Law 12 in 2000 which stated that a goalkeeper is permitted to control the ball with his hands or arms for up to six seconds Disciplinary Sanctions New text: Only a player or substitute or substituted player may be shown the red or yellow card. Reason: This clarifies the use of red and yellow cards Sending Off Offences To be added after Sending Off Offence No.7 A player who has been sent off must leave the vicinity of the field of play and the technical area. Reason: This clarifies the situation for players who have been sent off. Decisions of the International FA Board Decision 1 Delete. The decisions 2 to 6 became decisions 1 to 5 respectively. Reason: This confirms the sanction to be taken as stated in the Question and Answers Book on the laws of the Game, when an object is thrown at an opponent from a distance. KICKS FROM THE PENALTY MARK New title: PROCEDURES TO DETERMINE THE WINNER OF A MATCH The Golden Goal and taking kicks from the penalty mark are methods of determining the winning team where competition rules require there to be a winning team after a match has been drawn. The Golden Goal Procedure During the period of extra time played at the end of normal playing time, the team which scores the first goal is declared the winner - If no goals are scored the match is decided by kicks from the penalty mark Kicks from the Penalty Mark Procedure Text remains unchanged Reason: To formally recognize the approval by the International F.A. Board of the Golden Goal as one of the possible procedures to determine the winner of the match. 2. INFORMATION, INSTRUCTIONS AND DIRECTIVES Holding and Pulling The International FA Board expresses its concern at the amount of holding and pulling which was prevalent in football today. It recognized that not every instance of holding and pulling of jerseys and shorts was unsporting behavior, as is also the case with deliberate handball. It expressed regret, however, that referees were not applying the Laws fully in dealing with blatant cases of holding and pulling and issued the following Mandatory Instruction: Referees are instructed that, in the case of blatant holding and pulling, the offence must be sanctioned by a direct free kick, or a penalty kick if the offence is committed inside the penalty area, and the player must be cautioned for unsporting behavior. Treatment of Injured Players The Board considered the problems caused by injuries to players. It was of the opinion that referees should allow players to return to the field of play as soon as possible after they have recovered from injury. In this respect, and in the case of players returning from treatment for a bleeding injury, the fourth official may assist referees, where one has been appointed to the match. The Board also expressed its concern at the loss of playing time caused by the assessment of injuries to players and their removal from the field of play. The safety of the players must always be the main priority, however referees are instructed to add the full amount of time lost for these and any other reasons at the end of each period of play. 3. EXPERIMENTS TO THE LAWS OF THE GAME Two Referees The Board having monitored the experiment of using two referees in a number of federations, decided to end the experiment.
9.15 meter Advancement
The Board received reports from the Football Association and from the Scottish Football Association about the experiment of advancing play by 9.15 meters towards the center of the opposing goal where a player failed to respect the required distance, delayed the restart off play by carrying, throwing or kicking the ball away, showed dissent by word or action or indulged in any other form of unsporting behavior. It agreed that the experiment should continue for another year with an amendment to the current experiment to cease the advancement of play at the penalty area line.
Advertising The board noted with concern that its decisions taken on 4 March 1995 prohibiting advertising and club logos on goal nets and corner flags, was not being respected. Such advertising or publicity is not permitted in the Laws of the Game and FIFA was asked to take action against clubs which do not respect these instructions.
Celebration of a goal
2002/2003
LAW 4 - THE PLAYERS’ EQUIPMENT New Decision of the International F.A. Board Decision 1 • Advertising is permitted only on the players' jerseys. It may not be worn on shorts, stockings or footwear. • Players must not reveal undershirts, which contain slogans or advertising. • A player removing his jersey to reveal slogans or advertising will be sanctioned by the competition organizer. • Jerseys must have sleeves.
LAW 5 - THE REFEREE New text Stops the match if, in his opinion, a player IS seriously injured and ensures that he is removed from the field of play. An injured player may only return to the field of play after the match has restarted. Reason: This clarifies the procedure to be followed when a player returns to the field of play following injury. Law 12 – FOULS AND MISCONDUCT New Text Indirect Free Kick An Indirect tree kick Is awarded to the opposing team if a goalkeeper, inside his own penalty area, commits any of the following four offences: Reason: This is a minor alteration to the text to recognize that there are now four offences instead of five as before. INFORMATION, INSTRUCTIONS AND DIRECTIVES SIMULATION There was unanimous support for a high profile publicity campaign to be organized by FIFA against players guilty of this offence. Referees are instructed to take strong action against simulation and players guilty of simulation must be cautioned for unsporting behavior. PLAYERS DELAYING THE RESTART OF PLAY Serious concern was expressed at the number of players who delay the restart of play. The Laws of the Game are very clear on this matter and The Board insists that referees must apply them. TEMPORARY EXPULSIONS The Board strongly supported FIFA's concern that some national associations continue to use temporary expulsions in lower leagues. The Board confirmed in the strongest terms that this procedure must cease immediately otherwise disciplinary sanctions will be applied against the offending federation. CELEBRATION OF A GOAL The Board expressed its concern at the common practice of players removing their shirts while celebrating a goal to reveal slogans and advertising. It was agreed that when time wasting occurred referees would continue to take actions in accordance with the Laws of the Game. It was also agreed that when slogans and advertising were displayed on an undershirt, the matter could be dealt with by the disciplinary procedures of the competition. ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTIONS TO REFEREES, ASSISTANT REFEREES AND FOURTH OFFICIALS The Board approved that the Additional Instructions for Referees, Assistant Referees and Fourth Officials would now be printed in the Laws of the Game book. ARTIFICIAL SURFACES The Board endorsed its support at last year's meeting for the FIFA Quality Concept for Artificial Surfaces. The amendments to the Laws of the Game take effect from 1st July 2002 and instructions and directives are introduced with immediate effect. We thank you for your attention to the foregoing. Yours faithfully, FEDERATION INTERNATIONALE DE FOOTBALL ASSOCIA11ON Michel- Zen-Ruffinen General. Secretary CC: FIFA Executive Committee FIFA referees' Committee FIFA referees and assistant referees FIFA referee instructors Confederations 2. Advancement Experiment for all games in the Premiership, the Football League and F.A. Cup (from the 1st Round Proper): seasons 2000/2001 & again in 2001/2002. Following the annual meeting of the International Football Association Board, the game's law making body in February 2000, the Laws of the Game for season 2000/2001 showed some changes, some significant, some not so; some permanent, some experimental. The most notable amendment in this country for season 2000/2001 was to Law 13. All games in the Premiership, the Football League and F.A. Cup (from the 1st Round Proper) trailed the 'Advancement Experiment'. Following the end of season 2000/2001 the International FA Board looked closely at the experiment in England by which free kicks are advanced by 9.15 meters (10 yards) when a player of the penalized team fails to respect the required distance or delays the restart of the game. The Board felt the results of the ongoing experiments were not yet sufficiently conclusive and extended the tests for another year (2001/2002 season), albeit under slightly modified circumstances. FIFA will also conduct such tests at this year's U-17 World Championship in Trinidad and Tobago from 14 - 30 September 2001 as part of the education of young players to respect the Laws of the Game. The Board received reports from the Football Association and from the Scottish Football Association about the experiment of advancing play by 9.15 meters towards the center of the opposing goal where a player failed to respect the required distance, delayed the restart off play by carrying, throwing or kicking the ball away, showed dissent by word or action or indulged in any other form of unsporting behavior. It agreed that the experiment should continue for another year (2001/2002 season) with an amendment to the current experiment to cease the advancement of play at the penalty area line. The change was introduced specifically to curb dissent; the amendment to the Laws of the Game will read: "If, when a free kick is awarded, a player from the offending team: (a) Fails to respect the required distance and retreat 9.15m (10 yards) from the position of the free kick Or (b) Delays the restart of play by carrying, throwing or kicking the ball away Or (c) Shows dissent by word or action Or (d) Indulges in any other form of unsporting behavior, - The Referee will first caution the offending player and show the yellow card, and the - The Referee will advance the free kick 9.15m (10 yards) towards the midpoint of the offending team’s goal line (up to the penalty area line). “This procedure may only be effected once at any free kick."
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